Passive voice adalah suatu
grammatical construction (bentuk gramatikal) dimana
subject kalimat tidak melakukan aksi, melainkan menerima aksi atau ditindaklanjuti (receiver of action) oleh
agent lain (doer of action) baik disebutkan ataupun tidak.
Sebaliknya, pada konstruksi
active,
subject berhubungan langsung dengan
verb dengan bertindak sebagai pelaku aksi. Kalimat aktif dapat ditransformasi menjadi pasif, namun hanya
transitive verb (diikuti direct object) yang dapat diberlakukan demikian.
Rumus Passive Voice
Rumus
passive voice adalah sebagai berikut di bawah ini.
Catatan:
Auxiliary verb dapat berupa primary auxiliary verb
be (is, are, am, was, were, be, been, being), kombinasi antara dua
primary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been) atau antara
primary dan modal auxiliary verb (will be, will have been); sedangkan
past participle yang digunakan berupa kata kerja
transitive.
Contoh:
- She can’t drive a car. (active voice, transitive).
- He always come on time. (active voice, intransitive)
Perubahan bentuk dari
base form ke
past tense dan
past participle secara regular atau irregular.
Contoh:
- play (base form) —> played (past participle)
- sing (base form) —> sung (past participle)
Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice pada Auxiliary Verb be:
| Komponen | Contoh Kalimat Passive Voice |
|---|
| Subject | be | PP |
| I | am | paid | I am paid in dollars.
(Saya dibayar dalam dollar.) |
| the red velvet recipe | is | used | The red velvet recipe is used by many people.
(Resep red velvet tsb digunakan oleh banyak orang.) |
| all of my shoes | are | washed | All of my shoes are washed every month.
(Semua sepatu saya dicuci setiap bulan.) |
| large amounts of meat and milk | are | consumed | Large amounts of meat and milk are consumed by many people in the countries.
(Sejumlah besar daging dan susu dikonsumsi oleh banyak orang di negara-negara tsb.) |
| the book | was | edited | The book was edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.) |
| the books | were | edited | The books were edited by Beatrice Sparks.
(Buku-buku tsb disunting oleh Beatrice Sparks.) |
Pengecualian pada Transitive Verbs
Tidak semua
transitive verb, kata kerja yang memiliki
direct object, dapat dipasifkan. Beberapa kata kerja tersebut yang antara lain:
have,
become,
lack,
look like,
mean,
dll akan terdengar tidak wajar maknanya ketika dipasifkan. Beberapa
contoh kalimat dari kata kerja tersebut adalah sebagai berikut.
Contoh:
- I have a great new idea. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: A great new idea is had by me.
- The snack contains aspartame. —> tidak dapat dipasifkan dengan: Aspartame is contained by the snack.
Transformasi Active menjadi Passive Voice
Active “normal” voice dapat ditransformasi atau dirubah bentuknya menjadi passive dengan tahapan sebagai berikut.
| Active Voice | —> | Passive Voice |
|---|
Subject (doer of action)
+
action verb
+
object (receiver of action) | —> | Subject (receiver of action)
+
auxiliary verb*
+
past participle
+/-
by …(doer of action) |
*Penjelasan mengenai auxiliary verb yang digunakan pada dapat dilihat pada bagian 1.
Contoh:
- Julia wrote the report. —> The report was written by Julia
- I have made a decision. —> A decision has been made by me.
Penggunaan dan Contoh
Beberapa penggunaan dan contoh perubahan kalimat aktif menjadi pasif adalah sebagai berikut.
| Penggunaan | Contoh |
|---|
| Active Voice | Passive Voice |
| digunakan ketika doer of action (pelaku aksi) tidak diketahui. | Someone knocked on your door last night. | Your door was knocked on last night. |
| Somebody has used the computer without permission | The computer has been used without permission. |
| digunakan ketika doer of action
tidak penting untuk disebutkan. Misalnya karena pelaku aksi tersebut
sudah jelas / bisa ditebak atau merujuk kepada orang secara umum. | You can view the results on the web. | The final results can be viewed on the web. |
| People seldom do physical exercises regularly. | Physical exercises are seldom done regularly. |
| The teacher instructed the students to solve the math problem. | The students were instructed to solve the math problem. |
| digunakan untuk memberi penekanan pada object | Sunmark Press published The Enzyme Factor at the first time in 2005. | The Enzyme Factor was published at the first time in 2005 by Sunmark Press. |
| I have to collect more than 20,000 dollars to buy the car. | More than 20,000 dollars have to be collected** to buy the car. |
| digunakan sebagai variasi pada tulisan. Misalnya pelaku aksi telah disebutkan pada kalimat sebelumnya. | KPK investigators knew that Neneng Sri Wahyuni returned to Indonesia. They arrested the woman on June 13. | KPK investigators knew that Neneng Sri Wahyuni returned to Indonesia. The woman was arrested on June 13. |
**bentuk pasif dari
infinitive
Rumus dan Contoh Passive Voice pada Tenses
Auxiliary verb untuk membentuk konstruksi pasif pada tenses dapat berupa primary auxiliary “be” (is, are, was, were), kombinasi antara
dua
primary auxiliary (is/are being, was/were being, has/have been), atau antara
primary auxiliary dengan modal verb (will be, will have been).
Auxialiary tersebut kemudian dipadukan dengan past participle untuk membentuk passive verb form.
Rumus dan contoh
passive voice pada beberapa macam
tenses dapat dilihat pada tabel sebagai berikut.
| Tenses | Rumus | Contoh |
|---|
| Present | Simple | am/is/are + past participle | The crafts are made of wood. |
| Continuous | am/is/are + being + past participle | The room is being cleaned. |
| Perfect | has/have + been + past participle | Your requests have been approved. |
| Past | Simple | was/were + past participle | The mansion was built in 1990. |
| Continuous | was/were + being + past participle | Your gown was being washed. |
| Perfect | had + been+ past participle | The fence had been painted in green. |
| Future | Simple | will + be + past participle | The packet will be sent immediately. |
| Perfect | will + have + been + past participle | The article will have been read ninety times. |
Catatan:
Bentuk pasif dari
perfect continuous sebaiknya dihindari karena rumit dan tidak elegan.
Passive Voice pada Infinitive
Bentuk pasif dari infinitive phrase dapat berperan sebagai subject, object, maupun modifier pada suatu kalimat. Rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada
infinitive adalah sebagai berikut.
| (to) be + past participle |
Contoh:
- To be accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
- Everyone needs to be loved. (Object)
- He is the man to be trusted for all the things. (Modifier)
Passive Voice pada Gerund
Bentuk pasif pada gerund dapat berfungsi sebagai
subject,
object, maupun object of preposition dalam suatu kalimat. Berikut rumus dan contoh bentuk pasif pada
gerund.
Contoh:
- Being accompanied with him is a bad idea. (Subject)
- My brother enjoyed being taken to the beach. (Object)
- My brother’s happy of being taken to the beach. (Object of preposition)
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